Sampling bias

Systematic difference between measured cases and the population a claim describes. More observations from the same biased source make the estimate more precise, not more representative.

Measurement and evaluation

How a measurement earns trust: evaluation sets, error rates, calibration, reproducibility, and the biases that make a number look better than it is.

Benchmark · Evaluation set · Golden dataset · Ground truth · Human evaluation · LLM-as-judge · Pairwise evaluation · Pointwise evaluation · Rubric · Inter-rater agreement · Accuracy · F1 score · False positive rate · False negative · True positive · True negative · Calibration · Confidence score · Coverage · Abstention · Reproducibility · Repeatability · Variance · Confidence interval · Sample size · Selection bias · Survivorship bias · Data leakage · Test contamination

← Sample size · Selection bias →

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